英文summary范文短篇 第1篇

本次试卷信息量大，知识涵盖面广，渗透性强，注重实际情景和具体语境中考查学生对基础知识的理解和运用，有较强的探究性和灵活性。试卷突出了语言的交际功能，力求体现课程标准精神，无偏、难和怪题。试题的选材有必须的时代感和知识性，在选材中既注意了所选材料在题材和体裁上的多样性，又注意了所选材料的思想性和教育性注重教育性。试卷着重考查学生理解、运用语言的本事，重视考查学生的英语基础知识、基本技能，考查学生运用所学的知识和技分析问题、解决问题的本事，力求体现选拔和指导教学两者并重。

一、试卷特点：

(资料图片仅供参考)

1、试卷注重基础，体现活用，难度和区分度恰当无偏题，怪题出现。

试题注重考查学生在必须语境下对语言基础知识的掌握情景和综合运用英语的本事。语言基础知识的考查重点突出、覆盖面广；情景设置合理，避免了纯知识性的死记硬背题；词汇和语法的测试充分注意了语言的真实性、趣味性和实践性；注重语感，灵活性强，突出语言形式向语言意义的转化。

2、试题从知识立意逐渐向本事立意转变。

加大了本事考查的比重。试题突出了语言的交际性，强调在特定的语境中英语知识的灵活运用。适当增加了测试词汇量，加强本事检测。如阅读理解考查的资料注重了对学生在语境中运用语言本事的考查。加大了对语言的熟练程度和深层次本事考查的力度。如“阅读理解”部分注重了对归纳，推断和猜测整个句子等深层次本事的考查。阅读材料贴近生活，同时题材广泛，体裁多样、生动趣味，并富有思想性。

3、书面表达难度控制合理。

书面表达给学生留有充分发挥本事的空间，加大了考查学生综合运用语言本事的力度，使试卷更具现实性。书面表达题对初中英语教学有着良好的导向作用，要求学生要充分运用所学语言记录自我的真实情感，进一步体现了英语学科的交际性和工具性。

二、试题分析

第一题：听力部分

第一大题中5个小题，相当基础，主要考查学生的基础知识掌握得如何，第二、三、四大题，则逐步地增大难度，人物主角的转换、地点的转移这要求学生要学会用英语思维研究问题，否则听力节奏跟不上，这暗示学生平时学英语，要慢慢锻炼自我学会用英语进行思考问题的本事。

第二题：词汇与语法

A）此题大部分学生答得较好，有少部分学生单词掌握得不够好，有个别拼写错误。

B）单项填空是一种常规题型，考查的知识点多，但难度不大。题干设计简洁，情景清楚。语法知识遵循新课标，有助于引导学生不要花很多的时光抠语法知识，而将更多的精力放在语言本事的培养上。

第三题：语言交际

此题的题型比以往的难度降低，绝大多数学生答得相对较好。

第四题：语篇理解

阅读部分所选的阅读文章题材多样化，主要考查学生对阅读材料的分析理解本事、推理确定本事和概括归纳本事。该大题在整篇考卷中得分率相对最低。失误原因是对于常见用语掌握的熟练程度还不够。基本功不扎实，知识掌握不到位。

第五部分：书面表达

考生在书面表达中所反映的问题主要有：基础不扎实，语言表述不清楚。主要表现在：语序混乱、语法结构错误、基本句型没掌握、单词拼写错误、时态错误等。

三、教学提议及反思

经过对英语试卷和考试情景的分析，针对英语教学中存在的问题，英语教学还要在以下几个方面作进一步的努力：

1、课改理念，钻研新教材，务实英语基础

2、确立语篇意识和综合意识，培养综合运用本事

八年级英语试题突出了语篇功能和综合运用本事。阅读理解试题是分值较高的试题。我们在平时的教学中要根据教材切实搞好语篇教学，并有意识、有计划地增加英语阅读量，题材、体裁要尽量多样化，经过很多的阅读，扩大学生的知识面，使学生熟悉不一样体裁、不一样题材文章的作题思路，提高阅读速度，提高驾驭语篇的本事。选材要尽量要贴近学生的生活实际，注意时代性、生活性和社会性。语篇难度适当，措辞浅显、生动、自然、地道，语句灵活且富于变化。在平时要经过阅读培养学生阅读多种文体的本事，如何从文章中获取信息的本事和运用英语解决实际问题的本事。在训练中要注意方法的多样化和灵活性，同时关注学生运用英语进行直接思维意识本事和习惯的培养，启发他们学会运用多种不一样的方法来表达同样的思想，提高用英语进行思维的本事，逐步培养良好的英语语感，提高英语语用本事。

3、加强英语课外阅读，提高信息素养

英语知识的获得与本事的提高是在不断的听、说、读、写的训练过程中逐步构成的，而教材和课堂所能供给的训练还是比较有限的。所以，要加强理解语篇的本事训练，增强英语语感。同时要增强信息意识，培养和提高信息素养，重视运用英语解决实际问题的本事。

总体来看，八年级英语试题难度虽不大，但出得很^v^活^v^，外语的功能性、交际性体现得淋漓尽致，试题的编制无论从技术层面或文化层面都体现了教学新导向、新思维，语言的灵活性和严谨性使得这份卷子很有份量。所以，在今后的教学中应注意开阔学生视野，多渠道、大容量地给学生供给具有时代感的英语信息，加强语言运用本事的培养，少讲解，多给学生实际运用语言的机会，在用中学英语，在学中用英语。

英文summary范文短篇 第2篇

尽管对课文词汇的复习告一段落，但词汇的记忆还是不能放松。词汇量的多少以及运用的熟练程度如何会直接影响英语水平的提高和能力的培养。无论是单句理解还是语篇理解，词汇量的多少势必影响着阅读速度、语篇理解和判断准确等。夯实基础，是学生学习能力提高的基础。在掌握活用词汇特别是常用词汇的运用方面尚有很大的欠缺，如某个词或者词语的具体含义是什么，是一词一义，还是一词多义，是固定搭配还是意义最佳等，另外对于重点词汇的延伸、辨异等都要有个明确的概念，绝不能模棱两可，是实而非。常用词的拼写仍是重中之重，要经过一轮甚至两轮的检查。常用句型和短语要有口头和笔头的反复练习。对话填空要求考生准确拼写单词，特别要注意词形和词性变化。

英文summary范文短篇 第3篇

高考迫在眉睫，广大高中学生正在紧张地复习备考，如何在较短的时间内使自己的学习成绩有一个较大的飞跃，以取得事半功倍的效果，关键在于科学的学习方法和合理的时间安排，下面我就结合自己对高三学生进行总复习的点滴经验，对高三学生谈几点建议:

一、加强语篇训练，进行限时阅读

在做完限时阅读后，建议同学们要将短文重新再看一遍，对文章所出现的词汇短语进行及时归纳和总结。这样，利用语篇来识记单词、短语，复习语法知识要比单纯地看考纲记单词，做单项选择题记语法点效果要好得多。因为语篇为我们提供了丰富的语言文化背景知识及交际背景，学生可根据上下文的内容进行猜词，推理完成对语篇的理解，并带动单词和短语的复习，形成较为流畅的语言表达习惯，为书面表达打下基础。

二、重视书面表达训练

书面表达要求高考在限定的时间内根据考生所提示的内容要求，用英文写出一篇字数为100字的短文，是对学生综合运用语言能力的一种考查方式，要写好这篇短文，需分四个步骤：

1. 确定文章体裁

写作前，首先认真审查，看文章题目要求是哪种文体，书面通知，日记，书信，还是看图写话，不同的文体有不同的格式。

2. 选择准确的词汇和短语

确定文体后，要把短文的内容提示用准确的词汇短语写出来，以避免遗漏要点。

3. 连词成句

将已选好的单词和短语根据题目的提示用适当的联词连成句子，注意短文的人称、时态、动词变形、名词复数是否运用正确。

4. 检查语言

短文写完后，一定要反复研读，注意修改文章出现的语法错误，如人称用错，时态，动词及习语搭配等等错误。

书面表达所需要的时间大约是20-25分钟，建设同学们每周选择一至二个体裁的短文进行自我训练，并与参考译文进对比，看看自己文章中的要点是否齐全，短文运用是否恰当，并有针对性的记忆一些参考译文中的句子，好短语，只要坚持写字作，不断修改，写作能力会是益加强。

三、建立改错本，是复习中不可缺少的环节

学生考试中所犯的错误通常在脑子中印象很深，很多错误经过老师的讲评，依然是一犯再犯，为避免同一错误的再发生，建立改错本是十分必要的，老师每讲评完一份试卷，学生应在改错本上将错误订正，并做正确的分析，归纳，总结，经加强记忆，久而久之，正确的语言表达习惯就会自然而然的形成，每次考试前，翻看一下自己所做错误题以及错误的原因，加以重视，避免再犯类似的错误。

总而言之，语言的学习要一点一滴的积累，相信同学们应用科学的复习方法以及合理的安排，踏踏实实，持之以恒的进行课堂复习及课后的自我训练，英语学习能力一定会日益提高。

英文summary范文短篇 第4篇

SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT

《SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT》

《SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT》

February 2,

AGRICULTURE

The Agreement would eliminate barriers and increase access for . exports across a broad range of commodities. Commitments include:

Significant cuts in tariffs that will be completed by January . Overall average for agricultural products will be percent and for . priority products 14 percent (down from 31 percent).

Establishment of a tariff-rate quota system for imports of bulk commodities, ., wheat, corn, cotton, barley, and rice, that provides a share of the TRQ for private traders. Specific rules on how the TRQ will operate and increased transparency in the process will help ensure that imports occur. Significant and growing quota quantities subject to tariffs that average between 1-3 percent.

Immediate elimination of the tariff-rate quota system for barley, peanut oil, sunflower-seed oil, cottonseed oil, and a phase-out for soybean oil.

The right to import and distribute products without going through a state-trading enterprise or middleman.

Elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products.

China has also agreed to the elimination of SPS barriers that are not based on scientific evidence.

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

China would lower tariffs and eliminate broad systemic barriers to . exports, such as limits on who can import goods and distribute them in China, as well as barriers such as quotas and licenses on . products.

TARIFFS

Tariffs cut from an average of percent to an average of percent overall and percent on . priority products.

China will participate in the Information Technology Agreement (I

[1][2]

英文summary范文短篇 第5篇

SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT(3)

INSURANCE

Currently, only two . insurers have access to China"s market. Under the agreement:

China agreed to award licenses solely on the basis of prudential criteria, with no economic-needs test or quantitative limits on the number of licenses issued.

China will progressively eliminate all geographic limitations within 3 years. Internal branching will be permitted consistent with the elimination of these restrictions.

China will expand the scope of activities for foreign insurers to include group, health and pension lines of insurance, phased in over 5 years. Foreign property and casualty firms will be able to insure large-scale commercial risks nationwide immediately upon accession.

China agreed to allow 50 percent ownership for life insurance. Life insurers may also choose their own joint venture partners. For non-life, China will allow branching or 51 percent ownership on accession and wholly owned subsidiaries in 2 years. Reinsurance is completely open upon accession (100 percent, no restrictions).

BANKING

Currently foreign banks are not permitted to do local currency business with Chinese clients (a few can engage in local currency business with their foreign clients). China imposes severe geographic restrictions on the establishment of foreign banks.

China has committed to full market access in five years for . banks.

Foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with Chinese enterprises starting 2 years after accession.

Foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with Chinese individuals from 5 years after accession.

Foreign banks will have the same rights (national treatment) as Chinese banks within designated geographic areas.

Both geographic and customer restrictions will be removed in five years.

[1][2]

英文summary范文短篇 第6篇

词汇量

词汇不仅仅是我们学习英语的基础，更是写出英语作文的基础。倘若你连最常见的单词或者是词组都会写错，那么恐怕在英语写作这块就很难获得高分。

语法是我们英语作文遣词造句的基础，主谓宾，主系表，各种从句，虚拟语气，大家应该有所了解，如果能够在写作中熟练的运用语法，想必你的作文会出彩许多。

当然，如果你并不能确定某种语法，比如某个从句怎么用之类的，那么就用简单的句子代替吧。

逻辑明确

我们大多数人的

作文模板

很多专家或者培训机构都为大家总结了一些英语写作模板，虽然可能有点千篇一律，但是至少不会出错。建议大家可以学习几个比较好的作文模板，熟练的掌握他们一定能在写作时有所发挥，至少会比较有条理。

英语作文的提高其实和大家平时的积累息息相关。在平时多背一些经典词句段落，可能在写作的时候不太能够想起来，但是确实是积累了语感，对写作也是很有帮助的。

阿希学姐15年从教经验教你「课文」+「发音」+「单词」+「语法」+「考试技巧」=〔100%〕通过「考试/考证」→公众号【阿希英语】

英文summary范文短篇 第7篇

Youth is not a period of life, it is a state of mind, not a ruddy cheek, red lips and soft knees, it is an emotional problem: it is fresh, it is the source of life, youth means a temperament, courage is better than timidity, the desire for adventure is better than easy love, which often exists in a man than a nobody just for a few years As we grow older, we grow old because we give up our ideals. Years wrinkle our skin, and the loss of enthusiasm makes our soul, worry, fear, inferiority, and distrust distort our hearts and destroy our spirits. Is there a miracle temptation and a childlike desire in everyone"s heart? There is one about what will happen next, and the fun of the that lives in you and me Radio station: as long as it receives messages from humanity and from infinite beauty, hope, encouragement, courage and power, as long as you are young and the antenna is down, and your spirit is covered by the ice and snow of cynicism and pessimism, then you will grow old even when you are old, but as long as your antenna can catch waves of optimism, there is hope that you will die young.

中文翻译：

青春不是生命的一段时间，它是一种精神状态，不是红润的脸颊，红润的嘴唇和柔软的膝盖，它是情感的问题：它是新鲜的，它是生命的泉源，青春意味着一种气质，勇气胜过胆怯，冒险的欲望胜过安逸的爱，这在一个男人身上经常存在比一个无名小卒只因若干年而变老，我们因放弃理想而变老岁月使皮肤起皱，而热情的丧失使灵魂、忧虑、恐惧、自卑、不信任使心灵扭曲，使精神灰飞烟灭，是否每个人的心中都有奇迹的和永不熄灭的童心般的欲望关于下一步会发生什么，以及生活在你我心中的游戏的乐趣，就有一个无线电台：只要它接收到来自人类和来自无限的美好、希望、鼓舞、勇气和力量的信息，只要你还年轻，天线落下，你的精神就被玩世不恭和悲观主义的冰雪所覆盖那么你即使在岁时也会变老，但只要你的天线能捕捉乐观的电波，你就有希望在年轻时死去。

英文summary范文短篇 第8篇

(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。

(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。

对应词的特点如下：

A. 原词

B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。

C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。

D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。

(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。

(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。

(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。

NOTICE

1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。

若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等，答案必须满足这个要求。

2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。

如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。

3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。

下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。

4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。

选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。

5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。

(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。

(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。

(3) 语态变化：原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。

(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。

(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。

(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。

6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。

这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。

7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。

要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。

雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类

雅思阅读：Coarse work

BRITISH universities, it appears, are considering abandoning a 200-year old system of degree classification in favour of the American GPA model. At present, students are bunched into grade clusters. The top 10-20% receive a “1st”, the majority receive a “” or “two-one” and the stragglers receive either a “two-two” or a “3rd”. The latter group can be very small (5%) at the elite universities but is larger nationally.

The main reasoning for this is that it is hard for employers to distinguish between graduates if everyone has a grade. But it is possible for employers to ask for a full transcript of individual grades, though this is not nearly as common in Britain as you might expect. The stronger point (which you might have already picked up on) is that the existing system can be difficult to interpret internationally. Adopting the GPA system would be helpful to undergraduates wishing to study or work abroad.

I think this might be missing a trick. My experience of the 1st/ system is that it has a very strong effect on students" work effort. For weaker students, either those of lower natural ability or the more workshy, fear of the notorious “Desmond” (cockney rhyming slang after the eponymous archbishop) is the ultimate motivator. Many attractive careers simply advertise the minimum requirement of a , and therefore getting the lower grade can be quite a handicap in the job market.

For stronger students, the aspiration of a first, the only true distinguisher in the system, is also a strong incentive. The risk is that working quite hard could leave you with only a high , largely indistinguishable from all other "s. The crudeness of the grading system drags everyone up.

An interesting paper by Pradeep Dubey and John Geanakoplos of the Cowles foundation at Yale Univeristy makes the same point. They write:

Suppose that the professor judges each student"s performance exactly, though the performance itself may depend on random factors, in addition to ability and effort. Suppose also that the professor is motivated solely by a desire to induce his students to work hard. Third and most importantly, suppose that the students care about their relative rank in the class, that is, about their status. We show that, in this scenario, coarse grading often motivates the student to work harder.

One might think that finer hierarchies generate more incentives. But this is often not the case. Coarse hierarchies can paradoxically create more competition for status, and thus better incentives for work.

They give a simple example. Suppose there are two students, Brainy and Dumbo, with disparate abilities. Brainy achieves a uniformly higher score even when he shirks and Dumbo works. Suppose, for example, that Dumbo scores between 40 and 50 if he shirks, and between 50 and 60 if he works, while Brainy scores between 70 and 80 if he shirks and 80 and 90 if he works. With perfectly fine grading, Brainy will come ahead of Dumbo regardless of their effort levels. But since they only care about rank, both will shirk.

But, by assigning a grade A to scores above 85, B to scores between 50 and 85, and C to below 50, the professor can inspire Dumbo to work, for then Dumbo stands a chance to acquire the same status B as Brainy, even when Brainy is working. This in turn generates the competition which in fact spurs Brainy to work, so that with luck he can distinguish himself from Dumbo. He doesn"t want to be mislabelled. With finer grading everyone gets their own label so this effect disappears.

The corollary to this in my example is that if the brainy student knows that even when slacking off he will still do measurably better than most students he may decide that he can still get a very good job with 70 to 80. There may be students who score 80 to 90 with superior credentials but academic performance is only part of the hiring criteria. If he can signal himself as a brainy student he might think this is enough.

However, critical to all this is that all exams are taken together, as they are at Oxford or Cambridge universities, usually at the end of the degree in a consecutive-day marathon. The trend in other British universities has been to examine various courses throughout the degree. The result is that those in the middle of the ability range can work very hard at the beginning, bank a and then slack off in the remaining years. It is partly for this reason that those universities pushing hardest for the changes have exams split across years. Oxford and Cambridge are less keen.

雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类

雅思阅读：Game lessons

It sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games

SINCE the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as “chalk and talk”. Chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.

Abandoning it, though, is what Katie Salen hopes to do. Ms Salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at Parsons The New School for Design, in New York. She is also the moving spirit behind Quest to Learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double French but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.

Quest to Learn draws on many roots. One is the research of James Gee of the University of Wisconsin. In Dr Gee published a book called “What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy”, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. Another is the MacArthur Foundation"s digital media and learning initiative, which began in and which has acted as a test-bed for some of Ms Salen"s ideas about educational-games design. A third is the success of the Bank Street School for Children, an independent primary school in New York that practises what its parent, the nearby Bank Street College of Education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.

Ms Salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise Bank Street"s methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. Instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.

Periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. Quest to Learn"s school day will, rather, be divided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of “domains”. Such domains include Codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and English), Being, Space and Place (English and social studies), The Way Things Work (maths and science) and Sports for the Mind (game design and digital literacy). Each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a “Boss Level”—a common phrase in video-game parlance.

Freeing the helots

In one of the units of Being, Space and Place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient Spartan who has to assess Athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. In doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. In a unit of The Way Things Work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. This lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. Another Way-Things-Work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient Egypt. This means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the country"s religion and geography.

Whether things will work the way Ms Salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. The school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until . If it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. If it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. And it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.

英文summary范文短篇 第9篇

首先，审题，条理清楚

保证不跑提示写作当中第一任务，第二个重要任务就是要做到条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚，对于说明文来说条理要清楚，对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚。阿希学姐15年从教经验教你「课文」+「发音」+「单词」+「语法」+「考试技巧」=〔100%〕通过「考试/考证」→公众号【阿希英语】

写主题句

主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可得及格分。写主题句嘴保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。

问题阐述

适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观地反映事实。

一句话用不同的句式来表达

为了加强同学们对语法知识在写作中的灵活应用

尽量复杂作文中的句式

长句采用的特殊语法包括：宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语(issued)+被动语态+原因短语+定语从句。

保证作文符合字数要求的十二句作文法

作文120-150个字，考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。

英文summary范文短篇 第10篇

为期一周的小学英语90学时的实践培训活动已经结束，回顾过去的一周，总体的感觉就是一个字“忙”，忙着记笔记，忙着听课、评课，忙着写感受。确实，在这短短的一周当中，自己真的从中看到许多，听到许多，学到、感悟到更多，也深深地体会到自己的不足之处，以及明白自己今后努力的方向和具体的行动。现将自己的这几天的培训活动做如下的总结：

一、理论引领，乐于反思;

在这几天的培训的学习当中，可以说学习到很多的理论方面的知识，也是之前从未学习到或领悟到的一些内容。因此，在这几天的学习当中，林老师开设的讲座，从英语教学中的常见问题为出发点，主要谈论了语篇意识在英语教学中的重要性等，从教学各个环节渗透语篇教学的案例中，指出我们在平常教学中需要渗透语篇意识的问题进行了细致地阐述，确实让我知道了自己在备课等方面存在的不足。教研员金浪老师也就“落实课堂的教学常规，培养学生的自主教学能力，提高教学有效性”进行了讲座，结合生动的实例，也让我们感悟到了规范课堂的重要性。

二、专业成长，善于实践

作为一名英语老师，过硬的专业素质是所必需的，也是教育的需要;那么如何才能使自己更快地成长呢?我想就是善于实践课堂吧。温州市的名师、学科带头人给我们的培训也注入了一剂“强心针”，让我们体会、领略了名师们的风采，也让我们了解自己与他们在专业成长上有一段较长的距离。

更加令我开心的是：在每一堂课后，不管是名师或是学员的开课，都有专家的点评，以及相关话题的专门讲座。特别是针对课堂的教学设计，进行了一个系列的活动;从听说课型，到阅读课型以及最后的复习课型，三位老师分别开设了讲座，让我们有针对性的进行了学习。在教学方面，洪老师也针对词汇教学进行了讲座，谈及了词汇运用能力的培养，虽然是就学生学习词汇而言，其实也体现了教师的`词汇教学的能力。

三、创新精神，勇于探索;

“创新”是在整个培训过程中也是听到比较多的一个词;不论是理论的培训，还是这次培训学员的展示课中，让我确实体会到创新的重要性。生活中需要创意，教育中需要创新，这样才能够使自己的教学与时俱进，并能够形成一定的特色。我想，在今后的课堂当中，我们也可以积极地探索，努力地实践，可以适当地使用一些先进的理念，改变自己的课堂。当然了，教材是固定不变的，但是我们可以添加一点“调味料”，给教育加点味道;通过自己的创新，使自己的教育能够绽放新的风采。

培训活动虽然短暂，但是，我从这次培训中体会和感悟很深。假如我们都是一片小小湖泊，那么我希望每一片湖泊可以泛起一点涟漪!

英文summary范文短篇 第11篇

写作内容：

1.用约30个词概括上述利用排名( ratings)进行消费的现象；

2.谈谈你如何看待消费排名，然后用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。

写作要求：

1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；

2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

3.不必写标题

评分标准：

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

满分范文

Possible version one:

As a major channel of consumption information, the rating is an efficient source of information for shopping in our own consumption. Interestingly, the same rating may have different influences on different consumers.

There is no doubt that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption. The advantages and disadvantages of ratings are often closely related. It is necessary to hold an objective attitude towards ratings.

Possible version two:

Nowadays, most commodities or services are rated through certain channels. These ratings, easy to access, are playing an increasingly important role in customers" purchase decision. However, results are sometimes unsatisfactory.

There is no denying that such ratings might bring convenience to consumers, but they are often misleading and unreliable. As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others’ judgment on the product or service concerned. Every judgment comes from a specific need or a unique psychological state. Apparently, blindly following others" advice will affect our own judgment. Another fact should not be neglected that some of the ratings are the outcome of a careful manipulation of companies or sellers. It has become a common practice for some to pay

for good ratings on their products or services so as to increase their sales.

Therefore, we should give a second thought to these ratings whenever we go shopping.

英文summary范文短篇 第12篇

Resume Writing Tips--SAMPLE SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS

SAMPLE TITLE HEADING/PROFILE STATEMENT

REGIONAL SALES MANAGER

Known for delivering strong and sustainable revenue and profit gains in highly competitive markets. Bring 15 years of solid experience and select strengths that encompasses sales territory management, key account development, staff training, team leadership, presentations, and closings.

(Bold, italicize, or underline the Title Heading so it stands out.)

SAMPLE SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS

Accomplished sales professional known for delivering strong and sustainable revenue and profit gains in highly competitive markets. Seeking a Regional Sales Manager position with a leading pharmaceutical company. Select strengths encompass:

RESUME WRITING TIPS - COMMON MISTAKES, DO"S & DON"TS

英文summary范文短篇 第13篇

SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT(4)

PROTOCOL PROVISIONS

Commitments in China"s WTO Protocol and Working Party Report establish rights and obligations enforceable through WTO dispute settlement procedures. We have agreed on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import surges, technology transfer requirements, and offsets, as well as practices of state?owned and state?invested enterprises. These rules are of special importance to . workers and business.

China has agreed to implement the TRIMs Agreement upon accession, eliminate and cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or other know-how, if they are in accordance with the WTO agreements on protection of intellectual property rights and trade?related investment measures.

These provisions will also help protect American firms against forced technology transfers. China has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals, import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of any kind, including: local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in China.

ANTIDUMPING AND SUBSIDIES METHODOLOGY

The agreed protocol provisions ensure that American firms and workers will have strong protection against unfair trade practices including dumping and subsidies. The . and China have agreed that we will be able to maintain our current antidumping methodology (treating China as a non-market economy) in future anti-dumping cases. This provision will remain in force for 15 years after China"s accession to the WTO. Moreover, when we apply our countervailing duty law to China we will be able to

[1][2]

英文summary范文短篇 第14篇

夏夜，雨点声紧促了起来。一个人坐在窗前静静的望着远处，不久，窗外阵阵急速的雨点扫过，一个闪电才让自己回过神。这阵雨让远处模糊的高楼更早地消逝于灰暗的天幕下，丝丝泛黄的灯光悄声无息地渐渐爬满了我的瞳孔。

“十年之前我不认识你，你不属于我……十年之后我们是朋友，还可以问候……”，随歌声望去，在空旷的街道上已是点点涟漪，音响忘情的释声歌唱陈奕讯的《十年》。这场景这歌声像一块石子投进了我心底的湖面，也泛起了阵阵涟漪，思绪慢慢地涌上脑海，不禁想起了我的昨天、今天，还有明天。是的，我不是圣者贤者、我不是诗文遍天下的文人墨客，我也无法做到范仲淹笔下那种不以物喜，不以己悲的境界。我感觉到了歌声间透出的青春和情怀，感受着歌词间释放出的激情和自信，思绪随着这一切不由自主地飘向了属于自己的十年……

十年之前我有灿烂的歌篇，我有激扬的旋律;十年之后我的歌篇它已经发芽了，我的琴弦它已经亮了，我的心也充实了。

十年之前我会自豪的感觉自己是“任尔东西南北风”的芦苇，是棱角分明的顽石;十年之后感觉自己已经从芦苇变成了石中竹，从顽石变成了基石。

十年之前我认为我的理想生活可能最少会有一百种;十年之后我明白了我的生活只有一种——抛开幻想把自己的每一天都做好。

十年之前我骨子里天生有着不安定的因子，曾经想过选择水的方式，做一条自由的、一直向前游的小鱼。然而走进置业担保，却有着一种莫名的归宿感。这方生动的碧水，时时都轮换着清新的氧气，处处都浮动着新鲜的水草，我想，小鱼就在这里长大好了。不是为这舒适的环境，而是被简单而向上的氛围所吸引。置业担保的同事们的团结热情让我倍感亲切，置业担保的领导们的果断决策让我倍感信心，置业担保的人们永远是坚毅向上、活力四射、处处散发着光芒。

十年里每天都有新的故事在这里发生，每天都有新的挑战在这里上演，我在这里经营着我生活的二分之一。在薄日暖阳中出发，在黄昏中与落日相伴而归。一直都觉得激扬而充实的生活是一种奢侈，并不是所有人都能享受得到的。所以我很珍惜在置业担保的日子，让感激去触碰每一天的心情。小苦而微甜地去经历该经历的，爽朗而洒脱地去面对该面对的，一切都是那么的自然而然，又是那么的令人期待。在这里交出我人生的履历表，就让她尽情书写，就让她描上青春应有的所有色彩吧!

十年里投入地工作，仿佛不必计较得失;用心地去爱，仿佛不必担心被伤害;尽情地挥洒，仿佛不必在乎别人的眼光。在置业担保，我追求着这样一种状态。也许未必能坦然做到，但是心里有所向往，总是件令人振奋的事情。

十年里习惯了忙忙碌碌的日子，也许这样才能真真正正触摸到时间流逝的真实，感受到创造价值的意义。岁月总是无声地走过，而我们无法将它挽留，唯一能做的就是让岁月走过的痕迹里有着美妙动听的旋律。行云流水的生活总会让人倦怠，泡久的香茗也会淡而无味。泡上一杯咖啡，在周末里，在无数个夜晚时分与同事们并肩作战也是一种乐趣、一种收获。到置业担保十年了，在这里，学会了实实在在地做事，学会了用一种积极而平常的心态去迎接各种各样的挑战。和置业担保的兄弟姐妹们一样，我相信，尽全力去奋斗，用心去感悟，总会有风景收获!

流水一样的光阴里，我与置业担保共同走过了艰辛创业的十年。

十年里有太多太多的东西在大脑里保存了那么久也不曾忘记;生命里的一个十年就这样被精彩的过去。热爱，是啊，简单得不能再简单的两字，因为热爱，所以追求。我的注解是：因为热爱住房置业这个事业，因为热爱生活，所以追求理想。年轻的心因为有理想而激情飞扬，躁动的心灵也只有经历磨砺才能走向成熟与稳健。

英文summary范文短篇 第15篇

如何写总结(How to write a summary) -英语作文

1、the author tells us the importance of self-learning for children. not only should the teacher help the students to correct their mistakes, but also they should depend themselves to correct their own mistakes.

2、this passage discusses the importance of self-learning for children. students should have the chance to correct their own mistakes, learn-by-doing and learn from each other, not just the teacher.

3、the article gives the view that teachers should let students correct their mistakes by themselves. students are able to correct their own mistakes and teachers’ frequent correction will make children unable to judge their own work.

4、some people think students’ mistakes should be corrected by themselves and it is wrong for the teachers to do it for them too often in school. it will make the children dependent on the teachers.

the author (the passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people.

reviews the most important points of the text. it should be brief (short). furthermore, the summary should be written as much as possible in your own words. it contains only the main ideas and what the author talks about the topic but not include much explanation or examples.

英文summary范文短篇 第16篇

请阅读下面文字,并按照要求用英语写一篇150 词左右的文章。

Li Jiang 6 July, Sunny

Our family will go on a trip next month and need a suitcase. Two days ago, Mom asked me to find relevant information on the internet. But the information I got was rich and varied, or even contradictory. Confused, I simply based my decision on the ratings. Within five minutes, we ordered the one we were satisfied with. This afternoon, Mom received the case and told me she liked it very much.

Su Hua 6 July, Sunny

This morning, our family went out, hanging round in the downtown area. We found a rating of the Top Ten Restaurants, and went into one of them. We spent quite a lot of money, but were not happy. Mom complained a lot, and said that despite its high ratings, the food was not to our taste. I was puzzled. Should I believe in these ratings, or should I not?

【写作内容】

1. 用约30个词概括上述利用排名（ratings）进行消费的现象；

2. 谈谈你如何看待消费排名，然后用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。

【写作要求】

1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；

2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

3. 不必写标题。

【评分标准】

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

英文summary范文短篇 第17篇

The following is a summary of several English learning methods (hope not bad group once, read it to you once a day) response to insist on reading: when reading general articles, read while reading, read-only can recite: good articles back to familiar, complete the memory of good sentences, at the same time cultivate their own sense of language fast reading: and the article should first read with the fastest speed, improve the speed and ability of reading To develop the ability of direct understanding of English intensive reading without translation: the article responds to the second intensive reading, in order to achieve the understanding of memory, and a good understanding of the syntactic structure of the article, deepen the choice of fast reading of a single word can not be part of the article, and read carefully and thoroughly to a good reading range.

中文翻译：

以下是几种英语学习方法的总结（希望不坏的小组一次，每天给你读一次）回应坚持朗读：一般文章读的时候，边读边读，只读可背说：好的文章回熟读，完成记忆好的句子，同时培养自己的语感快速阅读：而文章首先要用最快的速度阅读完，提高阅读速度和能力，逐步培养不翻译的直接理解英语精读的能力：文章回应第二次精读，为了达到记忆的理解，并且很好的了解文章的句法结构，加深单个单词不能部分文章快速阅读的选择，仔细而透彻地阅读到相当好的文章阅读范围。

英文summary范文短篇 第18篇

1、有效指导。缺乏精心指导，再多的训练也是徒劳的。这几乎是常识。说到底，一在于科学序列的建构，作文教学中仅复习过程就可精心设计诸如：读题训练、材料训练、构思训练、成文训练、修改训练、应变训练。如此细密的规划，匠心独运，更有利于大大提高学生的写作能力，终身受益。二在于有效的训练指导的落实。诸如审题、立意、谋篇等写作知识在新课改的“淡化”要求之下，教学实际中已经被忽略了，作文教学更显随意和无序。读懂文题是立意谋篇的第一步。审题不到位造成作文失败的例子并不鲜见。主题不鲜明、思路不清等等问题，与作文有效的规范训练不足有很大的关系。

2、善于选择。学生的作文缺乏生气，缺乏真情，缺乏典型的实例，是因为少了一份智慧的选择。智慧的选择需要教师智慧的引领。教师引领学生去梳理、归类属于自己的生活，引领学生去回味属于自己的那一瞬间的“怦然心动的感觉”，把这些生活细节、心灵感悟形成单元形成系列。我想，学生在整理归类中、在回味感悟中也是一种情感的升华意趣的提升。让学生用个人独特的视角去看自我，去看世界，作文自然有“真意”；学生对自己的生活有了深刻的感受，作文自然有“真情”。

3、真情实感。一定要用真实实例，使作文有血有肉。基于这些反思，我一直把作文教学引导当成了重头戏，也因为自己对写作的爱好吧。所以我看了许多作文教学的资料，也尝试了一些作文教学的方法。因为我觉得让学生写好作文，第一步先是让学生敢写作文，而要写的生动感人，就必须有真情实感，要有真实的生活实例，要有自己的真实感受，不是编造。基于这些思考，因此我的作文教学是从记叙文开始的，我列了几个专题训练学生如何能把身边的小事写细写得生动感人。这当然要借助一些方法，诸如语言、动作、心理、细节等描写方法。所以我的专题就是从这些开始的。

语言教师的长处就应该拥有教育引领学生学习和动手写作的智慧，使学生的作文做到凤头、猪肚、豹尾。为今后的人生道路走得更加宽广打下坚实的基础。

英文summary范文短篇 第19篇

摘要：

英语学习中，词汇因为语篇才能更好地体现出其丰富的意义，而语篇必须通过词汇的组合才能表达完整的思想内容。基于语篇意识的词汇教学能很好地帮助学生加深理解，增强记忆，有利于优化课堂教学和提高学生运用语言进行交际的能力，有助于增强学生学习的兴趣和信心。以PEP6Unit1BLet’slearn为基点，聚焦^v^篇^v^^v^词^v^及^v^点^v^的三方关注，探讨基于语篇意识的小学英语词汇教学。

关键词：

小学英语；词汇教学；语篇意识

一、主题缘由

片段一：2003年的一堂县公开课，PEP Book 1Unit 3 ALet’slearn，5个颜色单词的教学。选择其中一个片段，以purple为例，教师由已学过的文具单词结合颜色提问^v^What’s this?What colour is it?^v^引出新词purple后机械跟读，学生结合已学知识练说^v^purple pencil，purple…^v^，然后围绕purple自由编儿歌。课的最后活动是Listen and draw.教师发指令Drawanose/…Colouritred/…学生听音画画。整堂课教学效果据说挺不错。

多年前的词汇课，词汇的概念很清楚，可是目标达成度也很有限。而现在的词汇课，界定也许不是那么清晰，可是语篇意识的贯穿却让学生的语言变得更加的丰富。小学英语课堂教学有效性的探讨，一直是英语教师努力的最根本方向。怎么样的词汇课设计才能让学生有能力接受大语量的输入，并且会转化成大语量的输出呢？

怎样恰当地设计一堂词汇课，才能使情景合理、语篇有意义，起到激发学生积极思维、培养学生能力的作用呢？

二、概念解读

语篇是小学生学习英语的重要材料之一，它以比较完整的语言组织形态、多元的语言要素向学生传递相关的英语语言信息，让学生通过听说读写等多项语言学习活动获取相关语言信息、相应语言知识和技能，在英语阅读兴趣、学习策略和情感态度价值观得到同步发展的同时促进学生初步综合语言运用能力的逐步发展。基于语篇意识的词汇教学是指在课堂教学中通过语篇创设语境，在具体语境中教学单词，让学生在情景中体验并运用语言，展现给学生完整的语言概念。通过语篇带动语境的创设，通过语篇带动语量的输出，通过语篇带动语用的实践，通过有意义的语言输入来激活有意义的语言输出，从而享受到语言学习和语言交流的快乐。

基于语篇意识的词汇教学，选择PEP6 Unit1 BLet’slearn为例。本课的主要语言点为动词短语：climb mountains，go shopping，play the piano，visit grandparents，go hiking.句型：What do you do on the weekend?I often…通过教学，希望学生能够运用四会动词短语来介绍自己的周末，并且鼓励学生能够运用所学知识，主动和家人朋友交流，自然学得语言。其中，mountains，grandparents的正确拼写与visitgrandparents的正确发音是本堂课的教学难点。基于这些语言知识目标，如何设计更贴近并能更激发学生语言点的活动呢？如何才能在语篇中有效激活旧知、有效呈现及运用新知并最终完成^v^语量^v^的积累呢？以PEP6 Unit 1 BLet’slearn课例的动态构建与发展过程为例。

三、^v^篇^v^的关注：语篇的合理性

语篇无论是再构还是选用，必须要注重基于教材和学生基础。只有选取合理的语篇才能真正做到基于目标，创设语境，学习新知，输出语量，实践语用。在教学中，教材是不可忽视的，无论创编什么文本都不能在脱离教材的情况下去实施，否则会本末倒置。同时，语篇的构成要基于学生原有的知识水平和经验，已有的知识能帮助学生通过思考进行理解，而将要输入的文本对于学生来说也不能太难。语篇还要有童趣，接近孩子的生活世界。小学生处于爱表现、敢开口、愿意主动与他人交流的年龄，文本内容要富有趣味性，才能吸引学生的兴趣，活跃课堂气氛、提高课堂效率。

四、归纳总结

认知心理学家的研究表明，学习是一个非线性的过程，这一过程不仅包括结构性的知识，而且包括学习者自身的体验。基于语篇意识的小学英语词汇教学，语篇是词汇的出处，更是其归宿。词汇教学要在与语篇相关的具体语境中进行，从而让学生有一个领会及运用生词的较规范的语言环境。学生词汇的学习是建立在语篇的充分理解的基础之上，让学生体验到同一个词汇在不同语境中的不同内涵。在这过程中，学生获取信息，开阔视野，吸收丰富的知识，加深情感体验，提高阅读的兴趣。基于语篇意识的小学英语词汇教学，以点带面连形成立体的语篇课堂结构，使语篇教学因此更为丰厚、充盈，从而逐步赢得基于语篇意识的词汇教学的更大值。

怎样上好一堂课，怎样使课堂有自己的特色、有成效，而且是学生乐意接受的课堂，这是一个永恒的话题。相信在追寻高效课堂的过程中，我们会看到更加美丽的教育风景，享受到更有意义的教育幸福。小语篇，会有大精彩！

参考文献：

钱希洁：让语篇教学更具语篇味.江苏教育，2009(31)

应天栋：基于语篇情境的单词教学.教学月刊：小学版，2011(21)

文朝晖：小学英语课堂教学活动有效性探究.中小学外语教学：小学篇，2007(09)

英文summary范文短篇 第20篇

雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧--Summary(摘要填空)

Summary(摘要填空)

1. 题型要求：该类题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，我们称之为摘要。摘要中有几个空白部分要求填空。

摘要可分为两种：全文摘要和部分段落摘要。全文摘要信息来自全文，题目空格的数目较多。部分段落摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。

考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两到三段，题目空格的数量在5题左右。

对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。

按照填空内容，摘要也可分为三种：

1. 原文原词

2. 从多个选项中选词

3. 自己写词。

原文原词的题目要求中常有from the Reading Passage 的字样。从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。最近考试中，绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词，很少有自己写词的。

这类题在A类和G类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次，每次考一组，共五题左右。

2. 解题步骤

(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。

(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。

对应词的特点如下：

A. 原词

B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。

C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。

D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。

(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。

(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。

(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。

NOTICE

1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。

若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等，答案必须满足这个要求。

2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。

如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。

3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。

下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。

4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。

选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。

5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。

(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。

(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。

(3) 语态变化：原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。

(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。

(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。

(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。

6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。

这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。

7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。

要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。

雅思阅读机经真题解析--How to Achieve Happiness

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.

Throughout the whole period of one’s lifetime, the achieving of happiness can be seen as our ultimate and everlasting goal. Happiness is far more than a strong body, a magnificent villa or an around-the-world tour; it is something we need from our heart. However, we can investigate happiness through scientific methods.

When we are asked the question “Where can we find happiness”, it is a puzzle difficult to answer accurately. We can find happiness right in our own home, in our workplace, in school, in the company of our friends, etc. It is up to us to find the ways and means to achieve that happiness each of us seek and long for. However, it is essential to recognize that there is no one absolute way to achieve happiness. People may have different ideas with regard to the ways of achieving happiness. The following five classifications are perceived by many people as sources of happiness: family and friends, wealth, position, educational achievement and fame.

To give it a comprehensive definition, happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including Positive Psychology, endeavor to apply the scientific method to answer questions about what “happiness” is, and how we might attain it. While philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek Eudaimonia, and is still used in virtue ethics.

While the level of physical healthiness is the biggest determinant of happiness, comparison of financial success with others of the same age group is the second largest source of happiness and unhappiness. Financially richer people tend to be happier than poorer people, according to sociological researcher Glenn Firebaugh of Pennsylvania State University. Their research is focused on whether the income effect on happiness results largely from the things money can buy (absolute income effect) or from comparing one"s income to the income of others (relative income effect). They present their research in a session paper, tided “Relative Income and Happiness: Arc Americans on a Hedonk Treadmill?” Firebaugh argues that, in evaluating their own incomes, individuals compare themselves to their peers of the same age. Therefore, a persons reported level of happiness depends on how his or her income compares to others in the same age group. Using comparison groups on the basis of age, the researchers find evidence of both relative and absolute effects, but relative income is more important than absolute income in determining the happiness of individuals in the United States. This may result in a self-indulgent treadmill, because incomes in the United States rise over most of the adult lifespan. They always dissatisfy with the salary. For example, the survey indicates that the students studied in Harvard University expect to earn much more money than their classmates rather than care about the exact amount of the salary.

We have long been aware that elements from various perspectives of We could contribute to realizing happiness. The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA) has recently conducted a research project, choosing 120 pairs of reared-apart twins as subjects to test their perception of happiness. In an early report of results it was found that, on most measurable psychological traits, the level of welfare between the twins in a set felt is varied instead of being the same or similar. Thus environmental factors may not be the only factor that affects the feeling of happiness significantly. In another investigation, among persons of European ancestry, for psychological features that can be measured, heritability range from about 25 percent to 80 percent. Or, to put it more concretely, from one-fourth to four-fifths of the variation from person to person in such features as IQ, creativity and happiness, is associated with genetic differences between those persons. That indicates that genetic difference may also affect the happiness. Furthermore, neurobiological evidence shows that left and right frontal lobes play different roles in the emotion (MC) (M). Happiness is a type of emotion, a positive one. From the experiments, happiness and the left prefrontal lobe are combined together. The more active it is, the more positive emotion you sense.

At the outset of new millennium, a global research had a result that the people living in the modern world were even unhappier. With crises being on the rise these days, finding happiness can be a bit challenging. Despite of all the stresses associated with life, we still do our best to be happy — because being happy is the only way to keep us afloat. Happiness is considered a very important therapy, both physically and mentally. With it, we are inspired to accomplish whatever goals we want to achieve. It"s a strong drive that keeps us going and helps us live our life every single day.

There are many ways to be happy. Spend time with individuals who are dear to you. There is nothing more joyful than to be with the people you love. During the weekends, try to schedule a fun trip for you and your partner, or one for your whole family. Just go somewhere else for a change and enjoy the change of scenery. Do something nice for others. Helping others is a very honorable way to find happiness. If your schedule is too tight for volunteer work, you can just donate a small sum of money or some old clothes or toys to charity. When you eat out, try to be a good tipper to the waiters or the valet who safely parked your car. All these simple things will not only make you happy, but other people as well. Start and end your day with a smile. Smiling is a very powerful gesture. There"s no need for words to describe how pleasant it is. If you have a lousy day, smile your way out of the office. When people smile back at you, it will uplift your mood and make you feel better. Spending some time with your friends. A close circle of friends is one of the most important sources of happiness.

英文summary范文短篇 第21篇

题目描述：

Given a sorted integer array without duplicates, return the summary of its ranges.

For example, given [0,1,2,4,5,7], return [0->2,4->5,7].

Credits:

Special thanks to @ for adding this problem and creating all test cases.

就是给定一个已排序的数组，返回一个字符串数组，每个字符串表示为元素区间的合并，

本题是典型的two pointer 问题。

思路：

一次遍历，使用two pointer方法，from 表示区间的起始元素，to表示区间的结束元素。

如果相邻元素nums[i]和nums[i-1]差值为1，区间范围+1：to = nums[i] ，注意最后元素的处理。

否则：

如果from不等于to：

将range = [from,to]添加到解集中，并更新from的位置。

如果from和to相等：

将range=from(或to)添加到解集

注意末尾元素的判断（如果已打末尾，添加末尾元素）

实现代码：

public class Solution { public IListSummaryRanges(int[] nums) { if( == 0){return new List; } if( == 1){return new List(){nums[0].ToString()}; } var from = nums[0]; var to = nums[0]; var ret = new List(); for(var i = 1 ;i < ; i++){if(nums[i] - nums[i-1] == 1){ to = nums[i]; if(i == - 1){ (({0}->{1}, from , to)); }}else{ if(from != to){ (({0}->{1}, from , to)); if(i == - 1 && to != nums[ - 1]){ (nums[i].ToString()); } } else{ (()); if(i == - 1){ (nums[i].ToString()); } } from = nums[i]; to = nums[i];} } return ret; }}

英文summary范文短篇 第22篇

1.我们的未来由很多事情决定，例如机遇、贵人相助等。

2.但是我们自己的态度、决心与勤奋起着更重要的作用。

3.也就是说，我们的未来由我们自己做主。

提示：尽量使用高级表达：such as;in other words等。

连句成篇 (将以上句子连成一篇50词左右的英语短文)

Our future is determined by many things，such as opportunities and others’ help，but our own attitude，determination and hard work play a more important other words，we are the master of our own future.

我们的未来是由很多东西决定的，比如机会和别人的帮助，但是我们自己的态度、决心和努力发挥着更重要的作用。换句话说，我们是我们自己未来的主人

英文summary范文短篇 第23篇

SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT

《SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT》

February 2,

AGRICULTURE

The Agreement would eliminate barriers and increase access for . exports across a broad range of commodities. Commitments include:

Significant cuts in tariffs that will be completed by January . Overall average for agricultural products will be percent and for . priority products 14 percent (down from 31 percent).

Establishment of a tariff-rate quota system for imports of bulk commodities, ., wheat, corn, cotton, barley, and rice, that provides a share of the TRQ for private traders. Specific rules on how the TRQ will operate and increased transparency in the process will help ensure that imports occur. Significant and growing quota quantities subject to tariffs that average between 1-3 percent.

Immediate elimination of the tariff-rate quota system for barley, peanut oil, sunflower-seed oil, cottonseed oil, and a phase-out for soybean oil.

The right to import and distribute products without going through a state-trading enterprise or middleman.

Elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products.

China has also agreed to the elimination of SPS barriers that are not based on scientific evidence.

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

China would lower tariffs and eliminate broad systemic barriers to . exports, such as limits on who can import goods and distribute them in China, as well as barriers such as quotas and licenses on . products.

TARIFFS

Tariffs cut from an average of percent to an average of percent overall and percent on . priority products.

China will participate in the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and eliminate all tariffs on products such as computers, telecommunications equipment, semiconductors, computer equipment, and other high-technology products.

In the auto sector, China will cut tariffs from the current 80-100% level to 25% by mid-, with the largest cuts in the first years after accession.

Auto parts tariffs will be cut to an average of 10% by mid-2006.

In the wood and paper sectors, tariffs will drop from present levels of 12?18% on wood and 15-25% on paper down to levels generally between 5% and .

China will also be implementing the vast majority of the chemical harmonization initiative. Under that initiative, tariffs will be at 0, and percent for products in each category.

ELIMINATION OF QUOTAS AND LICENSES

WTO rules bar quotas and other quantitative restrictions. China has agreed to eliminate these restrictions with phase-ins limited to five years.

Quotas: China will eliminate existing quotas upon accession for the top . priorities (. optic fiber cable). It will phase out remaining quotas, generally by , but no later than .

Quotas will grow from current trade levels at a 15% annual rate in order to ensure that market access increases progressively.

Auto quotas will be phased out by 2005. In the interim, the base-level quota will be $6 billion (the level prior to China"s auto industrial policy), and this will grow by 15% annually until elimination.

RIGHT TO IMPORT AND DISTRIBUTE

Trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for . manufacturers and agricultural exporters. At present, China severely restricts trading rights (the right to import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. Under the Agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over three years. China will also open up sectors related to distribution services, such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air courier services.

SERVICES

China has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computer related services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. China will also participate in the Basic Telecommunications and Financial Services Agreements.

GRANDFATHERING

China will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time of China"s accession for . services companies currently operating in China. This will protect existing American businesses operating under contractual or shareholder agreements or a license from new restrictions as China phases in their commitments.

DISTRIBUTION AND RELATED SERVICES

China generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they make in China, or from controlling their own distribution networks. Under the Agreement, China has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout China in three years. In addition, China has agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and repair, storage and warehousing , packaging, advertising, trucking and air express services, marketing, and customer support in three to four years.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

China now prohibits foreign investment in telecommunications services. For the first time, China has agreed to permit direct investment in telecommunications businesses. China will also participate in the Basic Telecommunications Agreement. Specific commitments include:

Regulatory Principles ?- China has agreed to implement the pro?competitive regulatory principles embodied in the Basic Telecommunications Agreement (including interconnection rights and independent regulatory authority) and will allow foreign suppliers to use any technology they choose to provide telecommunications services.

China will gradually phase out all geographic restrictions for paging and value-added services in two years, mobile voice and data services in five years, and domestic and international services in six years.

China will permit 50 percent foreign equity share for value-added and paging services two years after accession, 49 percent foreign equity share for mobile voice and data services five years after accession, and for domestic and international services six years after accession.

INSURANCE

Currently, only two . insurers have access to China"s market. Under the agreement:

China agreed to award licenses solely on the basis of prudential criteria, with no economic-needs test or quantitative limits on the number of licenses issued.

China will progressively eliminate all geographic limitations within 3 years. Internal branching will be permitted consistent with the elimination of these restrictions.

China will expand the scope of activities for foreign insurers to include group, health and pension lines of insurance, phased in over 5 years. Foreign property and casualty firms will be able to insure large-scale commercial risks nationwide immediately upon accession.

China agreed to allow 50 percent ownership for life insurance. Life insurers may also choose their own joint venture partners. For non-life, China will allow branching or 51 percent ownership on accession and wholly owned subsidiaries in 2 years. Reinsurance is completely open upon accession (100 percent, no restrictions).

BANKING

Currently foreign banks are not permitted to do local currency business with Chinese clients (a few can engage in local currency business with their foreign clients). China imposes severe geographic restrictions on the establishment of foreign banks.

China has committed to full market access in five years for . banks.

Foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with Chinese enterprises starting 2 years after accession.

Foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with Chinese individuals from 5 years after accession.

Foreign banks will have the same rights (national treatment) as Chinese banks within designated geographic areas.

Both geographic and customer restrictions will be removed in five years.

Non-bank financial companies can offer auto financing upon accession.

SECURITIES

China will permit minority foreign-owned joint ventures to engage in fund management on the same terms as Chinese firms. By three years after accession, foreign ownership of these joint ventures will be allowed to rise to 49 percent. As the scope of business expands for Chinese firms, foreign joint venture securities companies will enjoy the same expansion in scope of business. In addition, 33 percent foreign?owned joint ventures will be allowed to underwrite domestic equity issues and underwrite and trade in international equity and all corporate and government debt issues.

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

China has made strong commitments regarding professional services, including the areas of law, accounting, management consulting, tax consulting, architecture, engineering, urban planning, medical and dental services, and computer and related services. China"s commitments will lead to greater market access opportunities and increased certainty for American companies doing business in China.

>

MOTION PICTURES, VIDEOS, SOUND RECORDINGS

China will allow the 20 films to be imported on a revenue-sharing basis in each of the 3 years after accession. . firms can form joint ventures to distribute videos, software entertainment, and sound recordings and to own and operate cinemas.

PROTOCOL PROVISIONS

Commitments in China"s WTO Protocol and Working Party Report establish rights and obligations enforceable through WTO dispute settlement procedures. We have agreed on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import surges, technology transfer requirements, and offsets, as well as practices of state?owned and state?invested enterprises. These rules are of special importance to . workers and business.

China has agreed to implement the TRIMs Agreement upon accession, eliminate and cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or other know-how, if they are in accordance with the WTO agreements on protection of intellectual property rights and trade?related investment measures.

These provisions will also help protect American firms against forced technology transfers. China has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals, import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of any kind, including: local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in China.

ANTIDUMPING AND SUBSIDIES METHODOLOGY

The agreed protocol provisions ensure that American firms and workers will have strong protection against unfair trade practices including dumping and subsidies. The . and China have agreed that we will be able to maintain our current antidumping methodology (treating China as a non-market economy) in future anti-dumping cases. This provision will remain in force for 15 years after China"s accession to the WTO. Moreover, when we apply our countervailing duty law to China we will be able to take the special characteristics of China"s economy into account when we identify and measure any subsidy benefit that may exist.

PRODUCT-SPECIFIC SAFEGUARD

The agreed provisions for the protocol package also ensure that American domestic firms and workers will have strong protection against rapid increases of imports.

To do this, the Product-Specific Safeguard provision sets up a special mechanism to address increased imports that cause or threaten to cause market disruption to a . industry. This mechanism, which is in addition to other WTO Safeguards provisions, differs from traditional safeguard measures. It permits United States to address imports solely from China, rather than from the whole world, that are a significant cause of material injury through measures such as import restrictions. Moreover, the United States will be able to apply restraints unilaterally based on legal standards that differ from those in the WTO Safeguards Agreement. This could permit action in more cases. The Product-Specific Safeguard will remain in force for 12 years after China accedes to the WTO.

STATE-OWNED AND STATE-INVESTED ENTERPRISES

The Protocol addresses important issues related to the Chinese government"s involvement in the economy. China has agreed that it will ensure that state-owned and state-invested enterprises will make purchases and sales based solely on commercial considerations, such as price, quality, availability and marketability, and that it will provide . firms with the opportunity to compete for sales and purchases on non-discriminatory terms and conditions.

China has also agreed that it will not influence these commercial decisions (either directly or indirectly) except in a WTO consistent manner. With respect to applying WTO rules to state-owned and state-invested enterprises, we have clarified in several ways that these firms are subject to WTO disciplines:

Purchases of goods or services by these state-owned and state-invested enterprises do not constitute “government procurement” and thus are subject to WTO rules.

We have clarified the status of state-owned and state-invested enterprises under the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. This will help ensure that we can effectively apply our trade law to these enterprises when it is appropriate to do so.

TEXTILES

China"s protocol package will include a provision drawn from our 1997 bilateral textiles agreement, which permits . companies and workers to respond to increased imports of textile and apparel products. This textile safeguard will remain in the effect until December 31, 2008, which is four years after the WTO agreement on Textile and Clothing expires.